Association football

The game of association football, also known as soccer is a sport played by teams that is played with a spherical football between two teams of eleven players. There are around 250 million players across 200 countries and countries of dependencies that makes it the world's most viewed game. This game takes place on a square field known as the pitch, with goals at both ends. The aim in the sport is to get more goals than the opponents by advancing the ball over the goal line to the goal of the opponent, typically within a time period of 90 minutes or more.

Football is played according to a set of rules referred to in The Laws of the Game. The ball measures 68-70cm (27-28 inches) in diameter and is referred to in the game as the football. Teams compete to kick the ball into the goal of the other team (between the post, and below the bar) and thus scoring goals. The players are not permitted to play with the ball with hands or arms when playing except for goalkeepers in the penalty area. Players can use any other area of the body for striking or move the ball and mostly use their feet. The team that has scored the most goals at the conclusion of the game is declared the winner when both teams score an equal amount of goals or draws, a draw is declared, or the game is put to extra time as a penalty shootout according to the nature of the contest. Each team is headed by a captain with only one legal responsibility, as stipulated by the Laws of the Game: to represent the team at the coin toss before the kickoff, or in penalty kicks.

Internationally, football is overseen through the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Federation Internationale de Football Association) who organizes World Cups for men and women every four years. Men's FIFA World Cup has taken place every four years since 1930 except for the tournaments in 1942 and 1946 that were canceled because of World War II. About 190-200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments that fall within the scope of continental confederations to earn an opportunity to play at the top of the list. The finals are held every four years, and includes 32 national teams that compete over a period of four weeks. The tournament is considered to be the world's most highly regarded men's football tournament on the planet, and is the most watched and watched sporting event around the globe and surpasses that of the Olympic Games. Similar to it is the only time that FIFA Women's World Cup has been held each year since the beginning of 1991. However, football is played by women for as long as it was first introduced. The record-breaking 1.12 billion people attended the 19th FIFA Women's World Cup in France.

The most prestigious tournaments within European soccer are UEFA Champions League and UEFA Women's Champions League that draw a large viewers from all over the world. The men's final tournament has been in recent years the most watched sporting event around the globe. Five of the top European men's leagues include the Premier League (England), La Liga (Spain), Bundesliga (Germany), Serie A (Italy) as well as Ligue 1 (France). The leagues attract the best players in the world Each league have a wage rate over PS600 millions/EUR763 million/US$1.185 billion.

History

Kicking ball games have been played many times throughout different cultures. In the Chinese sport of competition cuju (Cu Ju , which translates to "kick ball") is similar to modern association football. Cuju players could utilize any part of their body, not just hands, and the aim was to kick into an opening to net. In the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE) Cuju games were established and rules were formulated.

Phaininda or episkyros were Greek ball games played in Greece. A photo of an episkyros participant depicted with low relief in a vase in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens is on UEFA European Championship trophy. Athenaeus who wrote his work about 228 C.E, made reference to in 228 CE, the Roman ball game called harpastum. Phaininda episkyros, harpastum, and phaininda were games that involved both hands and violent. They appear to have been reminiscent of the sport of rugby, wrestling, or volleyball more is commonly referred to as modern football. Similar to the pre-codified "mob football" as the predecessor to the modern codes of football these three games required more handling of the ball than kicks.

Other games were kemari in Japan and chuk-guk from Korea. It was in North America, pasuckuakohowog was the name of a ball game played by the Algonquians It is described as "almost like the type of folk football that was played in Europe in the same period where balls were kicked over goals".

The sport of association football has no classical tradition. Despite the similarities with different ball sports played throughout the globe, FIFA has recognized that there is no connection with any other sport that was played prior to the time of Europe. The rules that govern association football were developed from the mid-19th century's attempts to standardize the different forms of football that were used in the schools in England. The tradition of the game in England goes to the 8th century CE.

The "Laws of the University Foot Ball Club" (Cambridge Rules) of 1856

The Cambridge rules, originally created by Cambridge University around 1848 had a significant impact in the evolution of the subsequent codes, such as association football. These Cambridge rules were formulated in 1848 at Trinity College, Cambridge, in a session that was attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not widely adopted. In the 1850s, a variety of clubs that were not connected to universities or schools were founded all over the English-speaking world to play various types of football. A few clubs developed their own rules of play, especially that of Sheffield Football Club, formed by former students of the public school in 1857. It led to the creation of the Sheffield FA in 1867. The year was 1862. John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an important code of conduct.

The ongoing efforts led to the creation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863. It first began its meeting on 26 October 1863 in The Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school present at this time was Charterhouse. Its Freemasons' Tavern served as the location for the remaining five meetings from October to December, and ultimately produced the first complete set of rules. In the last meeting, one of the initial FA treasurer who was a representative from Blackheath was removed from their club out of the FA because of the elimination of two draft rules from the previous meeting. The first permitted playing with the ball on the hand and the other for blocking running by hacking (kicking an opponent's shins) as well as tripping and holding. The other English club rugby teams followed the same pattern and didn't join the FA and, instead, in 1871 they founded the Rugby Football Union. The remaining 11 club, which were in the direction by Ebenezer Cobb Morley were able to adopt the original thirteen rules that govern the sport. The rules included the handling of the ball using "marks" in addition to the absence of crossbars, rules that gave it a striking resemblance with Victorian rules football that were being created at the time in Australia. In the Sheffield FA, Sheffield FA played by its rules up to the 1870s. The FA taking on certain rules, until there was no significant difference between the two teams.

The oldest competition in football has to be the FA Cup, which was created by the former cricketer and footballer Charles W. Alcock, and has been played with English teams ever since. The first international football game also was played in 1872 in the midst of Scotland as well as England in Glasgow which was again at the at the instigation by C.W. Alcock. England is also the home of the first league of football in the world that was established by Birmingham around 1888, through Aston Villa director William McGregor. The initial format included 12 teams from Midlands along with Northern England.

The Aston Villa team in 1897 after winning each the FA Cup and the Football League

The rules of the game are governed through the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The board was created in 1886 following a meeting at Manchester from The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA is the international sports body founded at Paris around 1904, and stated that they would adhere to the Laws of the Game of the Football Association. The increasing popularity of international football has led to the acceptance to FIFA officials on the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board is composed of four members from FIFA as well as one from the other four British associations.

Football is played on an elite level across the globe. Many millions of fans regularly visit stadiums for football to cheer on their teams, and billions of people can watch football on TV or via the internet. Many players also play on the amateur stage. According to a study conducted by FIFA released in 2001, more than 24 million people across over 200 countries regularly participate in football. The sport of football has the biggest worldwide television audience.

Association football

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Association football

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